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10:10 PM
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Last week I posted the first half of a worksheet that we worked on during the recent copyediting class. Here are my notes for the issues in the sentences.
There's plenty of room for debate here. Because the Chicago Manual of Style was one of the class texts, many of the edits are based on that book. Other style guides have different theories about how to manage some of these issues.
Of course, some edits aren't controversial; you do have to spell words and names correctly, for example. Anyway, see what you think. If you have questions about any of the sentences, feel free to leave a comment.
This is the key for the abbreviations used to flag errors:- n.n = as discussed in CMoS reference (might not have definitive answer)
- au = consult author to clarify meaning or agree on style
- dict = consult dictionary; in general, use first variant.
- edb = consult The Eggcorn Database
- ssg = consult specialized style guide (e.g. Microsoft Manual of Style)
- TCH = as discussed in The Copyeditor’s Handbook
- um = consult usage manual (e.g. Garner, M-W Dictionary of English Usage)
- web = find authoritative information on the web (e.g. company website)
And here are the sentences.- Gray[dict; American spelling] whales have found a safe place to breed on Mexico's coast, where programs have been implemented to try to bring the marine mammals back from the brink of extinction.
- Commercial radio seemed dead, but college radio gave it a new lease[dict, web, edb] on life.
- Madeleine Albright[8.3, web] (born May 15, 1937[9.32]) was the first woman to become the United States secretary of state[8.21].
- The list contained an extensive list of dos and don’ts[7.13/dict] for practicing good browsing hygiene.
- Reviews have found that the data is[um, ssg] flawed in a surprising number of research projects.
- Three hundred and twelve[9.5] people showed up in response to an ad for two[9.2] open positions.
- You can buy both PDF[10.52] and hard-copy[ssg, dict] versions of the book.
- The division generated $600,000[9.24] USD[9.22] in profit on sales of $2.6 million USD[9.4, 9.8, 9.22].
- We ask that you please[7.47] tidy up after yourself.
- The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)[10.3, 10.4] was entered in November 1998[6.45], originally between the four[9.3] largest United States tobacco companies and the attorneys general[7.7] of 46[9.3; cf 9.7] states.
- The reunification of the two Germanys[7.8] was a political triumph, but culturally, the differences took a generation to resolve.
- The company maintained a page with an FAQ[10.9] (frequently asked questions)[TCH 228] list.
- The People’s History of the United States[8.166] is a highly regarded[7.82] “alternative”[7.55] text that examines the United States’[7.19] development from the viewpoint of the so-called common people[7.56].
- The volume of “spam”[7.55] email[7.85/380, ssg] forced the website[7.76,ssg, dict] to temporarily suspend operations.
- Each user has a unique name within the account, and a set of security credentials[au, 7.54] not shared with other users.
- When signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964[8.79], LBJ[10.12] reportedly said that the Democratic Party[8.65] had lost the South[8.64] for a generation.
- One vendor[dict] suggested that the certifying body simply needed to issue more thorough exams.[au for meaning; 7.85/377]
[categories]
editing
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posted at
10:47 AM
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When I was teaching copyediting recently, I came up with a worksheet that contained 34 (!) sentences that might or might not have had editorial issues. We looked at the worksheet at the beginning of class, then reviewed a bunch of editing guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.), then reviewed the sentences again at the end of class. Other editorial references we talked about in the class (tho these were not readily available) included dictionaries, the Microsoft Manual of Style, The Copyeditor's Handbook, and Garner's Modern American Usage.
Here is the first half of that set of sentences. See what you can make of them. I'll post my notes (not necessarily answers) for this half in a few days.- Grey whales have found a safe place to breed on Mexico's coast, where programs have been implemented to try to bring the marine mamals back from the brink of extinction.
- Commercial radio seemed dead, but college radio gave it a new leash on life.
- Madeline Allbright (born May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become the United States Secretry of State.
- The list contained an extensive list of do’s and don’t’s for practicing good browsing hygiene.
- Reviews have found that the data is flawed in a surprising number of research projects.
- 312 people showed up in response to an ad for 2 open positions.
- You can buy both .pdf and hardcopy versions of the book.
- The division generated $6 hundred thousand in profit on sales of $2.6M.
- We ask that you “please” tidy up after yourself.
- The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (M. S. A.) was entered in November 1998, originally between the four largest United States tobacco companies and the attorney generals of 46 states.
- The reunification of the two Germanies was a political triumph, but culturaly, the differences took a generation to resolve.
- The company maintained a page with an FAQ (frequently asked questions) list.
- “The Peoples History of the United States” is a highly-regarded “alternative” text that examines the United States’ development from the viewpoint of the so-called “common people.”
- The volume of “spam” email forced the website to temporarily suspend operations.
- Each user has a unique name within the account, and a set of security credentials not shared with other users.
- When signing the Civil Rights act of 1964, L.B.J. reportedly said that the Democratic party had lost the south for a generation.
- One vender suggested that the certifying body simply needed to issue more thorough exams.
9 April 2013: Notes/answers for this set of sentences are now posted: Editing Worksheet -- Part 1: Answers.
[categories]
editing
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Tuesday, 2 April 2013
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Copyediting Principles
posted at
12:13 AM
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Over the course of five Saturdays in March, I taught a class in copyediting at Bellevue College. The class is a requirement for students in the Technical Writing certificate program, and an elective for people in other cert programs.
We try to cram a lot into the 15 hours of class, though not at great depth, obviously. Things like what the different levels of editing are—developmental editing, substantive editing, and copyediting. (This class focuses only on the last.) What copyeditors do. What sorts of resources editors draw on. How to interact with authors. How to use revision marks and comments in Microsoft Word. How to create a project style sheet.
The texts are The Copyeditor's Handbook by Amy Einsohn and the Chicago Manual of Style. We spend a lot of time riffling through Chicago in search of guidance for specific situations: Where do commas go? How do you format a book title? Do you use a hyphen with anti- ? Still, the point is not actually to learn a lengthy list of rules for all occasions. Instead, we’re trying to illustrate for the students how and when and why to use a guidebook like Chicago. We had ample opportunity to discuss the limitations of One Rule to Rule Them All, and how the real task is much more pragmatic—help the reader, help the author, help yourself by keeping a style sheet.
For the last class, I put together a list to try to summarize the aspects of the class that weren’t just about finding the right chapter and verse in Chicago or APA or MLA or MMS. I can’t take much credit; I lifted pretty much all of it from people who really know what they’re talking about when it comes to editing.
Here’s my list; annotations follow.- Do no harm
- Know the audience
- Prioritize the work
- Look things up
- Have a reason for every change
- Ask the author, nicely
- Record your decisions
- Do things consistently
- Review at least twice
- Advocate for the reader
- Remember it’s not your name at the top
- Relax
Do no harm. A mandate from the uber-sensible Carol Fisher Saller. Surely nothing harms the editor’s credibility more than introducing errors.
Know the audience. This is fundamental to writing, of course, but it’s essential that the editor likewise understand what the reader does (and doesn’t) need to know. Scott Berkun has a great blog post that pertains to UI design but that covers some of the same ground. Along with Scott, I wish that I, too, had a t-shirt that said “It Depends.”
Prioritize the work. In TCH (pg 19–21), Amy Einsohn has a brief but critical section on “Editorial Triage” in which she describes how to use your editorial time wisely. “The copyeditor’s first task is to ask the editorial coordinator to help set priorities: Which editorial tasks are most important for this particular project, and which niceties must fall by the wayside?”
Look things up. It might not be inaccurate to observe that the less experienced the editor, the more they trust their own judgment. One way that I can gauge my own level of experience is to think about how often my editorial mentors have answered a question by looking the answer up, and to what extent I’ve learned to do that myself.
Have a reason for every change. John McIntyre: “The whole integrity of editing rests on the editor's ability, when challenged, to give a reasonable and persuasive explanation for every change in the text — and that disagreements over judgments can be worked out collegially, in discussion.”
Ask the author, nicely. Before assuming that the writer is mistaken, why not ask? And don’t be cranky: Katharine O’Moore-Klopf’s advice is simple: “Respect the writer. ” Gary Kamiya: “An editor needs to remember that writing is much harder work than editing. Sending something you’ve written off into the world exposes you, leaves you vulnerable. It is a creative process, while editing is merely a reactive one.” See also McIntyre’s adverb in the preceding point: “collegially.”
Record your decisions. Whatever decision you’ve come to, write it down; that’s what style sheets are for. Melanie Spiller: “If you put your decision in a style sheet, you won’t find editors changing it to suit themselves.”
Do things consistently. It doesn’t really matter that much whether you follow one rule or another rule or you ignore them both and make up your own. Just do it the same way. Readers actually do notice—and wonder about—inconsistency. Carolyn Rude: “Consistency gives useful information to readers. […] Consistency enhances usability.”
Review at least twice. Another voice-of-experience recommendation. On page 243 of TCH, Amy Einsohn lays out her strategy for reviewing tables in three passes, looking for different things with each pass. The wise editor will do the same for headings, figures, and every other element that can benefit from oranges-to-oranges comparisons. That aside, the editor (you) should always review the edits and comments to the author before handing a document back—not only will this catch inconsistent edits and ones you’ve changed your mind about, it will help you tweak the tone of your comments.
Advocate for the reader. The point of all the work is to make the text comprehensible for the reader. The rules exist only for that purpose. Michael Swaine (on writing): “You don’t have to worry about rules of punctuation, spelling, grammar, or usage. It’s not that they aren’t useful, and you ignore them at the risk of impairing your communication. I’m just saying keep them in their place: so far as you as a writer are concerned, those things are just possibly helpful heuristics to help you say what you mean to say, and not say what you don’t mean to say. Writing is communication. Don’t lose sight of that fact and you’ll be all right.”
Remember it’s not your name at the top. It’s the author who ultimately gets the credit (or blame). You help, but they own.
Relax. It’s just editing. Get it done, and then let it go. Carol Fisher Saller again: “The manuscript does not have to be perfect because perfect isn’t possible. […] It simply has to be the best you can make it in the time you’re given, free of true errors, rendered consistent in every way that the reader needs in order to understand and appreciate, and as close to your chosen style as is practical.”
[categories]
editing
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posted at
11:36 AM
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Everyone knows about a herd of cows and a clutter of cats and a murder of crows, right? These are called collective nouns or terms of venery. (The latter, more interesting, term refers to hunting, should you be wondering.) Many such terms are listed here, here, and on Melanie Spiller's site.
For fun the other day, we came up with terms of venery for the many species that can be found in the world of IT. Herewith our list. Can you come up with more?
A compilation of programmers A unit of testers A click of QA engineers A spec of program managers A package of builders A deployment of SysOps -or- A distribution of SysOps A bundle of network engineers A row of DBAs An interface of UX designers A lab of usability testers A snarl of IT admins A triage of Helpdesk engineers A pixel of graphic artists -or- A sketch of graphic artists A meeting of managers A retreat of general managers A scribble of writers -or- A sheaf of writers A revue of editors (haha) -or- A scrabble of editors A project of interns An oversight of auditors A tweet of tech evangelists A quarrel of patent lawyers
[categories]
writing, technology
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posted at
11:52 PM
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These days I work in a tall office building, which means that I spend a lot of time in elevators going up and down between office and lobby, not to mention up and down for meetings. Sometimes I run to co-workers in the elevator, but often it’s a bunch of strangers.
I don’t know how international it is, but the protocol for Americans—or let’s say Seattleites, anyway—is essentially to ignore strangers, and to stand facing the doors. Phones help ease the awkwardness of this situation (strangers are so near, yet so ... non-existent), because people can look down and fiddle busily with their phones instead of desperately trying not to make eye contact with other passengers.
But our elevators (and, I assume, those in many other buildings) have a feature that changes the dynamic in interesting ways. Above the bank of floor buttons is a 12-inch screen that displays a rotating selection of news bites, weather, traffic, reviews, deals, and so on. (According to the provider, this “reaches smart, busy, upscale professionals on the move and struggling to ‘do it all.’” Sure, whatever.)
People now have something to look at in the elevator besides the closed doors, or their phones, or the back of the person in front of them. This subtly changes the feel of the constantly changing group going up and down together. They’re watching TV together!
The headlines that are displayed will occasionally move someone to make a remark, or at least to grunt in acknowledgment. This can be an ice-breaker for others … it’s a conversation starter!
Sherry TurkelTurkle, who teaches "the Social Studies of Science and Technology" at M.I.T., has recently started to worry that we’re using devices to mediate human relationships for us in ways that actually increase our isolation. Maybe that’s true. But I like to think that our elevators, thanks to technology, might actually now be breaking down the barriers between people in our building.
[categories]
general
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posted at
09:02 AM
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Imagine that you're a music company in about 1984. For many decades you've been selling vinyl records, and then along comes this newfangled "compact disc" business. It's obvious to your company that this is the future, and your audiophile customers are all excited. But your everyday customers are confused: are you going to stop making records? Are they supposed to replace their enormous record collections with CDs? And what about the whole ecosystem that's grown up around records: record stores, stereo manufacturers, even furniture makers ... what do you tell them?
I've lived through similar scenarios in the software industry multiple times: the company devises a new technology—not just an update to your already successful releases, but a new approach. As with the record company, tho, it's rarely easy to simply pull the plug on your old stuff, since many of your customers are heavily invested in your old technology.
If you're the documentation person under these circumstances, you have a tricky job. If the new technology is sufficiently different, you can create a brand-new documentation set from scratch for the new technology. (The documentation sets for record players and CD players have very little shared information.)
But it's not always that clean a break. Consider a database product where the new technology is an innovative search syntax. Everything else about the database (storage, backup, etc.) is the same; you just have a new way for users to craft their queries. Moreover, the old query syntax still works.
Too often, what ends up happening is that writers add a section to the existing documentation that describes the new technology. This "solves" the problem. Hey, now we have two technologies! We've documented both of them!
But what do your users actually need? - All users need to understand that there are two technologies, and why, and how users should choose between them. In your compare-n-contrast, you have to be careful not to trash-talk your old technology (in spite of what your engineers and early adopters probably think); a few years ago, you spent a lot of effort to convince your users how great that technology was.
- Existing users need to understand what the new technology means for them. Do they have to upgrade? What does it mean for their existing investment? How long can they continue to use the old technology?
- New users (probably) need to be directed to the new technology. They also need to understand that there's an existing body of knowledge about the old technology (for example, documentation and articles and books and forums) that could mislead them if they're not aware of the different versions.
You can accomplish this easily—well, "easily"—in some sort of introduction or overview. But you also have to think about how to help users who drop into your documentation from unexpected places—say, from a web search. Your existing documentation is of course all about the old technology. The descriptions are about the old stuff; if there are examples or illustrations, they're probably about the old stuff. Existing customers will probably continue to use the old technology and will still need documentation for it, so you can't just rip out the old stuff and replace it with new docs.
You might consider reviewing every page of your existing documentation where the old technology is featured (for example, every page that shows query syntax). Then you have to ask whether you replace the existing examples with new ones, or whether you add corresponding examples of the new syntax. In the latter case, how much explanation do you need in order to make sure readers understand that there are two syntaxes?
As I say, I've lived through this. As of last year, the technology I worked with (ASP.NET) had three distinct approaches to creating websites. We had a heck of a time even crafting the message of how to select between them.
And the idea of visiting each page (page design, database access, deployment, etc.) and updating it for all three technologies—or creating technology-specific versions of each of these stories—was a challenge indeed. (They've since added a fourth technology fourth and fifth technologies.)
The evolution of a product is of course exciting for users, who get new and improved technology to work with. But unless a new technology represents a completely clean break with the old, and unless you can create separate, standalone doc sets for each technology, in some ways the documenter's job can actually be harder than it is for the engineers.
[categories]
technology, writing
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Thursday, 31 January 2013
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Rocket Science for Beginners
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10:31 AM
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The title of this entry does not, as far as I know, reflect an actual book title. But based on something I saw today, maybe it could. Here's an article I saw today on the ArsTechnica site:
Keep it secret, keep it safe: A beginner's guide to Web safety
I was initially interested, because although I am more-or-less conversant with the basics of safe browsing—using wifi safely at a coffee shop, for example—there are certainly other people in our household who might value some tips "for beginners" about how to use the web safely.
Then I actually read the article. Here are a couple of examples of advice for those beginners:Clicking the browser's padlock icon while visiting Facebook, for example, gives us the most relevant information about the certificate and its encryption algorithms: the certificate has been signed by VeriSign and the connection uses TLS 1.1 with 128-bit RC4 encryption.
[...]
If you want to roll your own [VPN] server, you can use free software like OpenVPN (or, for Mac users, the VPN server included in the $20 OS X Server package). Frankly, I'm not really sure how grateful my wife would be to learn these things.
Obviously, the issue has to do with the term "beginner." It's not actually clear to me who exactly the author had in mind as a beginner, but it's not my wife, or my kids, or a bunch of other people who are perhaps not quite ready to examine the certificate chain for the current session.
Scene 2. The other day I was working on a programming problem and someone handed me a working example in the programming language named Python. I don't, er, speak Python, so I had to set up my computer with the requisite tools. In the process of looking for instructions about this, I ran across an article that included the following gems:You want to use Python on a Windows 7 machine but you don't know what you're doing. What you do know is that in order to go anywhere and do anything you've got to install packages. Or maybe you don't even know that yet. andThe good news is: it's easy. There is no bad news. andSee all that stuff flying by? Forget about it. I was more than willing to overlook the perhaps too-flippant tone because the article in effect carried out its promise to document the process for (real) beginners.
So. If I see a title that involves the phrase "for beginners," I have a specific idea of what the reader is expected to know (or not know). Perhaps the author of the ArsTechnica article knows something about the audience for articles in that publication such that when he writes "for beginners," he actually means "really technical, but new to this thing." That's quite legitimate, if sometimes a little misleading. (One of the problems I had in finding information about Python "for beginners" is that the assumed starting point for most of the information I found was someone who already knew programming, operating systems (often Linux), tools and technologies (.tar), etc.)
As with any piece of technical writing, you need to have a clear sense when you start of who you're talking to. For a lot of writing, it's not a bad idea to actually lay this out at the beginning of your piece. And if you're going to use a term like "beginners," it seems like you have more obligation than usual to actually indicate what you mean by that.
[categories]
writing, technology
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posted at
12:19 PM
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Here's a way not to make friends and not to influence people: hand out your personal email address everywhere and then discover that the address is merrily bouncing people. Whoops.
I taught a class over the last couple of Saturdays and told folks they could send their homework to me at mike@mikepope.com. On Wednesday I got an email from a student telling me that the email address I had handed out wasn't working. (The student had managed to find me via a different channel, thank goodness.) I tried sending an email to the address I'd distributed, and sure enough, back it came.
The keeper of my domain (mikepope.com) is GoDaddy. As part of registering my domain and getting them to manage it, I'd gotten "free email forwarding" for the domain. When someone sends email to the mikepope.com domain (e.g., mike@mikepope.com), the message is forwarded to my other, "real" email addresses.
Some months ago, I started getting a steady volume of messages to my real email addresses that told me an email had bounced, often with the message "invalid recipient address." The strange thing was that these were bounces for emails that I had never sent. This turns out to be a well-known problem—spammers forge a From address on their spam mail (they don't want you to reply, they just want you to click the link in the email they send). Spammers use many, many different forged From addresses in their attempts to get around spam-detection strategies. Apparently the mike@mikepope address had fallen into the hands of just such a spammer.
I did investigate a bit whether there was anything I could do about this; I didn't want my ISP (Comcast) to think I was originating these spam emails. But nothing can be done, so I stopped worrying about getting these oddball bounces. In any event, the volume of these no-recipient bounce messages had tailed off recently, tho I didn't think much about it at the time. (I think I reckoned that Comcast's spam detection was filtering them.)
Then came the incident with the class and the frustrated students, so I had a look. It turns out that I had misunderstood something about how email was handled for mike@mikepope.com. Yes, I've set up forwarding for that address at GoDaddy. However, I also have—I don't know whether I actually intended this or whether it was a feature of my domain hosting—an email account at GoDaddy. And over the last few months, that email account had been filling up with lots and lots of these bounce messages for spammers. In fact, the mailbox had reached capacity. As a result, when students sent me email, they were in turn getting a legitimate bounce message from mike@mikepope.com, which said:<mike@mikepope.com> child status 100...The e-mail message could not be delivered because the user's mailfolder is full. Because I didn't understand that I had an actual mailbox at GoDaddy, this didn't make sense to me at first. But after hacking around in GoDaddy's wretched dashboard, I eventually got to the actual email mailbox that I didn't really grok that I had. The Inbox had hundreds (thousands?) of the spam-related bounce mails, along with a few legitimate emails. Oh and look, a nice red graphic told me I'd reached 100% of my capacity. (GoDaddy's response to this problem was to offer to sell me more space.)
I bulk-cleared the Inbox and Trash and now it all works again. Who knows how many legitimate emails I've missed because they got bounced from mike@mikepope.com and the sender didn't or couldn't try again. Hopefully not many.
Now I have to figure out what to do to prevent this in future. One way would be to monitor this GoDaddy-hosted mailbox. I might also just get rid of the GoDaddy mailbox (and keep just the email forwarding), since as far as I know I don't need it. I hesitate on this latter only because managing anything via the GoDaddy interface is ... not fun and not easy. And I don't want to break the part of the system that does work, namely forwarding. Ah, well—it wouldn't be a real website unless I had to screw with it all the time. :-)
[categories]
technology, personal
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posted at
06:34 PM
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If you're like me and you use Outlook and you're a bit of a sloppy typist, you've probably inadvertently sent messages off by fat-fingering Ctrl+Enter. By default, this keystroke performs a Send operation, and boy, can that be annoying.
Turns out there's an easy fix. (To Outlook, not to your typing.) I got this from someone on the web, I think it was. (Alas, I don't remember, so my apologies to whoever that was.) In Outlook, click File > Options. In the Options dialog box, click the Mail tab, then scroll down to Send messages and uncheck (Ha! Take that!) the option CTRL + ENTER sends a message. Here's a picture:
This works for Outlook 2010 for sure, and probably (?) for Outlook 2007. I can't speak for earlier versions.
[categories]
technology
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Saturday, 5 January 2013
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Office space
posted at
12:34 PM
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I spent over 17 years at Microsoft, and for most of that time, the company went to extraordinary and expensive lengths to try to give every full-time employee his or her own private office space.[1] The company kept building new buildings, and every office move — and there were many — involved a substantial effort to sort out seating arrangements so that people could both have their own offices and had some reasonable proximity to their colleagues.
The company's focus on office space presumably was based on an implicit acceptance of the idea that people engaged in concerted intellectual work need to be able to work in peace. In the widely read Peopleware, a book from the mid-1980s about managing software projects, authors Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister addressed the need for this type of space: Before drawing the plans for its new Santa Teresa facility, IBM violated all industry standards by carefully studying the work habits of those who would occupy the space. [...] Researchers observed the work processes in action in current workspaces and in mock-ups of proposed workspaces. They watched programmers, engineers, quality control workers, and managers go about their normal activities. From their studies, they concluded that a minimum accommodation for the mix of people slated to occupy the new space would be the following:- 100 square feet of dedicated space per worker
- 30 square feet of work surface per person
- Noise protection in the form of enclosed offices or six-foot high partitions (they ended up with about half of all professional personnel in enclosed one- and two-person offices)
For a few decades, it seemed that Microsoft was taking this advice to heart. About 5 or so years ago, however, it became evident that the company had changed its mind about space requirements. As buildings were added or remodeled, new layouts were introduced that emphasized open spaces and that featured areas (nicknamed "fishbowls" and the like) that seemed intended to foster interaction: a physical manifestation of the "collaborative workspace." Some years ago, all the technical writers and editors for a major division were moved to a new building and were presented with their new space, which was a cubicle farm (with 4-foot walls) inside an enormous, high-ceilinged open space. Old-timers were horrified.
I moved to Amazon in 2012. The space I'm in is a somewhat curious hybrid of semi-private offices (2 people per) and clusters of cubicles. Aside from obvious seniority/hierarchy, I can't tell exactly how the space is doled out; even as a new employee, I have half of an office. Developers who've been there longer than I have sit across the aisle from me in cubicles. There are open spaces that contain tables and chairs, and I very frequently see one developer or other sitting on a beanbag chair among the cubicles, tapping away on a laptop.
Certainly the space arrangements do encourage the kind of collaborative work that open-space proponents believe in. There's a constant hum of conversation, stand-up meetings, people popping into one another's offices, and so on. Every single person has a laptop, and people carry them everywhere. No one on my team is more than a short walk from my desk, so it's almost as easy to just buttonhole them as it might be to compose an email with a query. And there's absolutely no doubt that the mingling that occurs in offices and hallways and common areas fosters communication; hardly a day passes when I don't have a useful conversation with someone who I just happened to have run into in passing.
This has made me ponder the question of private space versus collaborative space. Were the studies that IBM did incorrect about the need for private space? That doesn't seem likely. Yet all around me I saw people working all day, and clearly getting things done, in an environment that would have made the space designers for the the Santa Teresa facility throw up their hands.
What's different now? Well, here's some speculation.
One obvious difference is that many of the people occupying the cubicles are young, by which I mean considerably younger than I am. (It is one of those milestones of a long career that I now routinely work with people who are about the same age as my children.) To be clear, the average age of software developers has probably not changed significantly in the last 30 years, and I would absolutely not claim that there's something evolutionarily different about youngsters today that somehow makes their brains different or anything like that. I would suggest only that many folks who are developers today did not come up in a corporate environment of private offices, hence are used to working in an open-space plan; it might be the only type of office space they've ever been in.
Another difference is that people today might be more used to creating what we might term "psychic privacy" (as opposed to physical privacy). One thing you do see a lot as you pass cubicles is people wearing headphones, often noise-cancelling models. I can see this as a privacy measure in two ways. One is that it creates an exclusionary environment for the person wearing the headphones, who can tune out the otherwise very close ambient noise. Two is that I for one am less inclined to lean over a cubicle wall and make an inane remark to someone wearing headphones, which is to say, headphones become a signal that someone is in fact trying to work — a kind of metaphorical closed door.[2]
And finally, I think that in some ways things haven't really changed. I was chatting to one of the beanbag-chair-sitting developers not long ago (a serendipitous meeting in the kitchen) and asked him about his ability to sit in the midst of bustling activity and get things done. His answer was instructive: when he has to get real work done, he said — by which he meant serious, heads-down coding — he stays late and works after other folks have gone.
This last, I think, is probably an answer for how to reconcile the IBM findings with the current fashion in open-space design. People do get benefits from open space in terms of collaboration, and then can carve out small niches of privacy in order to encourage flow-type experiences. But they also still hide themselves away when they need physical privacy in order to perform concentrated work. This is made easier also by the portability of laptops, which let people find an environment they prefer and to work there. Many people do work at home, where they presumably have spaces that they've structured for personal productivity, and of course let them work during the hours when they're most productive.
I suppose the conclusion is that if you're IBM in 1982 and you're going to chain developers to a desk so they can work at their non-portable terminals, you'd better give them some private space in which to do that. If they need to collaborate, give them a meeting room. The current environment seems to have essentially turned this on its head: put people together so they can work together, and if they need to, they can slink off and find some private space in which to work on their own.
Even tho I'm old-school, generationally speaking, I don't mind this new environment. Since the beginning of my career I've split my work between collaborative and secluded, with the secluded portion usually done at home late at night. It's certainly become a lot easier to make work portable in the last 30 years. That other people might not find the new space arrangements as conducive as they'd like, however, I can easily see.
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[categories]
work, general
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